Opening Statement for State V. John Hudson and Dale Buckner

Case #1 State v. John Hudson and Dale Buckner (Charged with murder and attempted robbery) Good Afternoon Ladies and Gentleman†¦Todays trial will be on Felony Murder and Attempted Robbery. John Hudson and Dale Buckner are murderers. And the evidence of this case will show, that they have undoubtedly committed the crimes brought upon them and should be punished to the fullest extent of the law.In accordance to the Penal Law, Murder in the first degree is defined â€Å"With intent to cause the death of another person, he causes the death of such person†¦ the victim was killed while the defendant was in the course of committing / attempting to commit in furtherance of robbery [or other such felonies. ]{ §125. 27(1)(a)(vii)}† This is also known as Felony Murder. Robbery is also defined as forcible stealing. On February 14th 2011 in a small clothing store owned and managed by Sidney and Sara Lazar, a very heinous crime was committed.Two average looking men wearing black leather jackets entered the store at approximately 3:15 pm, later to be â€Å"proven† to be John Hudson and Dale Buckner. When approaching the counter with a . 38 revolver in hand, the defendant demanded all of the money from the register. As the other man stood point at the entrance to the store. Mrs. Lazar let out a scream, produced from shear fear for her life. In doing so, Dale Bruckner responded â€Å"Shut her up Johnny† which resulted in Mrs. Lazar being brutally shot in the head, dreadfully causing death on impact.Soon after the gun went off, the two men fled the store and took off in a black Cadillac sedan. This left a deceased woman and her innocent husband at the scene of the crime in a pool of blood. Five minutes later Officer Reilly arrived on the scene and accessed the situation. With diligent research and a thorough investigation, the arrest of the defendants was reinforced by the owner ship of a . 38 caliber pistol, a newly registered black Cadillac Seda n as well as a previous criminal record from both of the defendants. I will call the prosecution’s witness Mr.Sidney Lazar to the witness stand to divulge the utter gruesome details of how his wife was shot in cold blood, in front of his very own eyes. I will also call to testify the prosecution’s witness and innocent bystander Richard Green to the witness stand. He will help us positively identify the defendants, and reinforce that the defendants did in fact commit the crimes charged, as he was the only eye witness that saw the defendants leave the scene of the crime. These two men witnessed the crime take place and are testifying that the two defendants did in fact kill Mrs.Lazar. Investigator Sam Reilly will also be called to testify, in that he was the first investigator on the scene. Shortly after the murder, Officer Reilly went to the defendant’s home at 2435 Damen Street, apt #2B and forced down Mr. John Hudsons’ and Dale Buckner’s door. Whi le at the apartment, Officer Reilly Recovered a . 38 revolver (matching the gun from the crime scene), a black leather jacket, and a newly registered Black Cadillac Sedan; which matched the description of the getaway car.Due to officer Reilly’s work, pertinent details of the defendant’s background and belongings have been brought to trial and will help us prove that the defendants did, beyond a reasonable doubt murder, and assist in murdering Mrs. Sara Lazar. Upon arrest, the defendant’s both refused to make a statement concerning the killing of Mrs. Lazar. Ladies and Gentleman, the defense; John Hudson and Dale Buckner claim that they were not at the scene of the crime on the fourteenth of February at approximately 3:15 pm.Conveniently two months after the incident, William Barr was interviewed by Investigator Albert LaRue and swore that he saw the defendants at â€Å"Sam’s Chicken Shack† at about 3:15 on the day of the murder. He failed to mentio n this until two months later. His failure to be expeditious about his alibi just proves his minute acquaintance to the defendant’s. Although Mr. Barr might not have a previous criminal record, he is blinded to the lack of moral aptitude held by the defendants here today. In addition to Mr.Barr’s testimony, a Pathologist will testify and will help us better understand the cause of death, of Mrs. Lazar. As well as a ballistic expert, will attest to the knowledge of the weapon used in this murder case and will help us verify that the . 38 caliber pistol was in fact the murder weapon of this case. In the course of this trial I will demonstrate that these two defendants did in fact commit the crime of murder and attempted robbery. The lack of morality expressed by the defendant’s actions will assist us in concluding with a verdict of guilty for these two men.I expect to prove that without a doubt these two men are in fact murderers. Those who perform such crimes wit h intent to kill someone, men of distaste, and men of disgust, men who lack a conscience, and can kill an innocent woman deliberately with no remorse. Once again, these men are dangerous; we must prove today that the evidence brought upon us will show in its entirety that John Hudson and Dale Buckner committed the crimes before them. These two men must face ramifications and should go to jail forever. Mr. Hudson’s previous conviction of aggravated assault and Mr.Buckner’s previous conviction of theft go hand in hand. Their previous crimes make a perfect match for the situation imminent. They will be punished and Mrs. Lazar’s death will not go overlooked. Ladies and gentlemen of the jury let me ask you, would you be able to sleep at night knowing that these two men are on the streets, and have the ability to commit such a crime once more? Would you feel safe having your kids walk to the ice cream store knowing that these killers could possibly be around the corne r just waiting for their opportunity to strike again?These men must be taught a lesson now, so these streets can be kept safe for the ones we love. Definitions †¢Robbery – is forcible stealing. A person forcibly steals property and commits robbery when, in the course of committing a larceny, he uses or threatens the immediate use of physical force upon another person for the purpose of: Preventing or overcoming resistance to the taking of the property or to the retention thereof immediately after the taking; or Compelling the owner of such property or another person to deliver up the property or to engage in other conduct which aids in the commission of the larceny. Murder -A person is guilty of murder in the first degree when: -With intent to cause the death of another person, he causes the death of such person or of a third person; and -the victim was killed while the defendant was in the course of committing or attempting to commit and in furtherance of robbery, †¢Homicide The deliberate and unlawful killing of one person by another; murder.

Cost Effectiveness And Commitment

Human resource managers in organizations have various tasks to carry out in an organization. One of the tasks is carrying out cost effectiveness in an organization. They also have the responsibility of ensuring that there is commitment both at the individual level and organizational level. Carrying out cost effectiveness in an organization has got its own effects both positive and negative. Human resource managers need to ensure that the consequences of cost effectiveness and commitment are reconcilable. In each and every organization, there is normally the pressure of reducing cots so that profits are maximized.As human resource managers develop a cost reduction strategy, it is important that there be some reconciliation with the commitment in the organization. Before looking at the extent that consequences of cost effectiveness and commitment reconcile one has to have the broader picture of the effects of reducing costs within an organization. (Condrey, 1998) Cost reduction or cost effectiveness can be carried out through various means. One of them is through minimizing the number of employees within the organization.There are some cases where human resource managers are compelled to carry out retrenchment of some employees in order to minimize costs. This means that the few employees that remain in the organization have to carry out multitasking. Cost effectiveness in an organization can also be implemented by reducing employee’s bonuses and allowances. This includes scraping off of medical allowances from employees’ salaries. The other way that cost effectiveness is carried out by human resource managers is through introducing of technology. This includes having computers and internet in an organization.Instead of having messengers in an organization, use of emails is incorporated. This is very cost effective. Human resource managers also increase employees’ working hours so that there is more productivity in an organization. All these ventures carried out with the motive of enhancing cost effectiveness have got various consequences to an organization. For instance when retrenchment is carried out, there is a likelihood that that the remaining employees will do their best at work. When salaries are reduced and also allowances and bonuses reduced, this can greatly de-motivate employees. Maund, 2001)Research indicates that it is a very tricky venture to incorporate cost effective practices like the ones that are listed above without affecting or compromising the organization’s growth potential by having employees being less committed. While carrying out cost effectiveness in an organization is a venture of trimming the fat, human resource managers have to be very careful such that they do not cut into the bone too. This simply means that everything carried out within an organization to help minimize costs has to be very well planned and the consequences of the same well evaluated.Many human resource managers just carry out cost effectiveness without having any buy in from the employees in the organization. Even as this venture is carried out, there is the need of identifying the core competencies in relation to improving the entire efficacy within the organization. Outsourcing is also one of the consequences or the outcomes of cost effectiveness. This has got adverse effects on the general commitment of employees. Employees can feel that they are not that important or rather qualified to carry out the tasks within the organization.That is why it is important that consequences of carrying out cost effectiveness within an organization be clearly evaluated such that they do not have such adverse effects on employees’ commitment. (Wintermantel, 1997) There are various steps that can be taken by human resource managers in the motive of implementing cost effectiveness. This includes contracting out some of the business in the organization that is not very core in nature. One has to und erstand the consequences of these ventures can affect the company’s relationship with customers such that they change focus and become less committed to the company’s products or services.In this case, whatever step that is taken has to be done with great caution and after very extensive consultation such that an equilibrium state can be reached. This is whereby there is cost effectiveness and yet the organization continues to experience growth. The extent to which the consequences of cost effectiveness and commitment can reach a reconcilable state is ensuring that proper planning is carried out. Cost effectiveness as many scholars say is not rocket science. It is said that anyone can actually carry out cost cutting in an organization, but very few do it well such that the organization suffers a great deal.For the consequences of cost effectiveness and commitment to reconcile the whole process has to be carried out very efficiently and effectively. The following consid erations have to be put in place. †¢ One has to remember that money is not everything †¢ Change has to be carried carefully When costs in an organization are cut, there is great realignment that occurs in an organization. Cost effectiveness sometimes means elimination of departments, people, customers, research and development projects and even initiatives.This affects the Company’s activities and therefore human resource managers need to know that it is not just an issue of what or who to eliminate. Rather it is an issue with adequate preparation for the same, anticipation and consequences of the changes that help in overall determination of the success within an organization. The extent to which the desired consequences of cost effectiveness and commitment can merge is just having an initial focus in the whole venture. The human resource manager has to clearly ascertain that the desired change in cost effectiveness in the organization is actually very necessary â € ¢ How the success will be measured†¢ The areas that have priorities be clearly defined †¢ How the consequences of cost effectiveness will be managed The other way through which the consequences of cost effectiveness and commitment can be merged is through building of local support within the organization and also simple listening to the local voices within the organization. It is said that good listeners are quite hard to find. This is where there is picking up of messages that are conveyed through gestures, expressions silence and behavioural cues.This is quite important when carrying out cost effectiveness in an organization. Carrying out cost effectives in an organization is known to be a very difficult task. This is the case especially when employees or team members speak different languages and come from different cultures. For instance in multilingual environments, problems are bound to occur in relation to intent and meaning of speech. Human resource managers ha ve the hard task when carrying out cost effectiveness such that not only people from a certain tribe have to be laid off.This has got its own effects on the commitment of employees that remain in the organization. Human resource management consequences of commitment and cost effectiveness are only reconcilable when various measures are put in place. This includes empowering employees in the organization to develop solutions which can be owned locally. Human resource managers need to set the vision and then have the team coached. This allows the local stakeholders to own the whole process of ensuring cost effectiveness. This makes employees be held to their commitment.Cost effectiveness change can only be effective or successful when the projects have people who are empowered in control and planning of the whole process. (Thomson, 2003) Commitment can be build to ensure success among employees, vendors, customers, local managers and partners. It is good that good communication networ ks be carried out so that so that commitment of the stakeholders within the organization is enhanced. Human resource managers have to clearly understand that success within an organization is not just in monetary values. It is also through commitment of stakeholders within the organization too. Wintermantel, 1997)Top human resource manager in an organization has to demonstrate simultaneously the commitment to listening, cost reduction and listening from employees and other stakeholders within the organization. One of the critical tools is having effective communication. This helps a great deal to maintain the commitment of employees within the organization even if ventures of cutting costs are implemented. Cost reduction is known to be a matter of survival for very many organizations. While there can be consensus on this issue, the challenge normally lies in delivering the whole process of cost reduction. ConclusionThe desired human resource management consequences of commitment and cost effectiveness are reconcilable. This is when proper measures are considered when implementing cost effectiveness within the organization. Communication is a very important factor that has to be considered when carrying out cost effectiveness. Proper communication has to be carried out to the various stakeholders within the organization like customers, vendors and employees. Change even if it is in line with cost effectiveness has to be carried out carefully. Human resource managers need to know that success in an organization is not just in monetary terms only.

Personality Analysis: Dispositional and Learning Theories Essay

The revision and analysis of personalities provides a restored knowledge for human behaviors and the progression in which individuals understand. Theorists had endeavored for a long time realizing further theoretical methodology. Gordon Allport researched the personalities of people for the reason that that methodology provide further meaning or characterization to individual distinctiveness and give emphasis to the distinctiveness of the person (Feist & Feist, 2009). Depicting a person with universal personality merely categorize individuals as a crowd or group. Nevertheless, Allport alleged to exactly distinguish an individual is through the means of being familiar with the individuals as personal. Individuality shows each individual be distinct and unique, no one person is alike in a way; for the reason that individuals have distinctive personalities and the capabilities to understand is atypical as well. Albert Bandura’s social cognitive theory observed the behavior in which individuals understand. Observational learning tolerates individuals to find out lacking actions or responsibilities (Feist & Feist, 2009). Principally people do find out through own encounters although learn as well from looking at different job and achievements of other people. Generally significant reasons which supply the respond to queries could be established by means of these kinds of research and development. Dispositional Theories and Personalities Allport started his study of personal psychology by means of presenting his morphogenic science. Morphogenic science is the research of a person, collecting data, and vital information concerning the person. Allport’s methodology to personality theory generates queries like what is the meaning or definition of personality, what is the role of willful stimulus in personality theory, what is the distinctiveness of the psychologically healthy individual. The queries asked by Allport lay down an institution for gaining knowledge of the fundamentals behind personalities. Personalities have an effect on an individual endeavor s and response to external motivations. Consequently, the terminology dynamic organization explains a personality like a systematic plan. Even though this plan may revolutionize, Allport apply the terminology psychophysical to depict the psychological and physical conversion in an individual (Feist & Feist, 2009). Additionally, Allport cherished the words determine, characteristic, behavior, and thought for the reason that the terminology imply that individuals are product and process, and come up with the abilities to revolutionize. Nevertheless, suggesting that personalities are simultaneously psychological and physical, as well as explicit behaviors and open thoughts (Feist & Feist, 2009). Personality is merely a word, yet is impressive and does great. Learning Theories and Personalities Bandura’s social cognitive theory deals with the importance of different personality capabilities to understand. The environment plays a major function in an individual personality and growth. Bandura’s approach to gain knowledge of personality laid on different fundamental flexibility; hypothesis, triadic reciprocal causation model as well as likelihood experiences and fortuitous events, driving force perception, external and internal reasons, and principled group (Feist & Feist, p. 478-79, 2009). Bandura come within reach of the theories of study from the essential fundamentals of his social cognitive theory. To set alight, of his hypothesis, Bandura established Observational Learning. The responsibilities individual carry out all through existence often happen from observation. For instance, children were able to learn how to eat with utensils, to hold a cup, open doors, or merely wave goodbye, by way of observations. Regrettably, good and bad behaviors could turn up by observational learning. However, Bandura social cognitive theory explains psychological implementation by triadic reciprocal causation. However, individual act happen for the reason that three variables, the environment, behavior, and the individual (Feist & Feist, 2009). Relating the three variables to every personality is very plain, since each personality is formed by the environment and a product of each behavior. Even though the character of personality due to the Social Cognitive theory makes use of an agentic view of personalities, this signifies individuals possess the capabilities to use control on their individual being. The situational behavior influence personalities besides personalities have an effect on situational behaviors. Personality Characteristics Attributes to Dispositional and Learning Theories Individuality is a concentration for Allport; he deemed personal distinctiveness is recognized by individual disposition. The intensity of individual disposition involves Cardinal, Central, and Secondary dispositions. A Cardinal disposition is a quality which govern different individual living, generally individual do not possess this feature, however for individual who do possess this features, is the manner most individual regard that individual. To exemplify a Cardinal disposition is an individual named as a Casanova. A Casanova is commonly referred to as a alluring, lover boy, appealing, and extravagant. Nevertheless, the terminology Casanova can becomes a familiar peculiarity or individuality. The second disposition is known as Central dispositions. The common of various or further Central dispositions is expected. An individual can possess five to ten outstanding individuality, these distinctiveness arrive at by the way different individuals assess one’s personality (Feist & Feist, 2009). Pinpointing terms to explicate an individual quality, way of behaving, or disposition. Subsequently, intensity of personal disposition referred to by Allport is Secondary dispositions. Even though not as noticeable as central dispositions, secondary dispositions are not predominant to our personalities, but occur habitually and are conscientious for the greater part of individual behaviors. The degree of personal disposition from Allport’s standpoint is imperative as assessed on a level. Nevertheless, assessment of inter-persons to personal dispositions will alter the development of personal dispositions to customary behavior, beating Allport’s line of reasoning. Additionally, Allport’s motivational and stylistic dispositions are obliging to essential individual needs and cause to move. An individual person who has a motivational disposition is motivated by a need. Motivational needs begin undertakings (Feist & Feist, p. 383, 2009). Stylistic disposition facilitate lead individual actions. For instance an individual would wear clothes to keep his body warm, this is motivational, and the design of clothing selected is stylistic (Feist & Feist, 2009). A personality necessitates inclination. Allport’s degree of individual dispositions, motivational, and stylistic dispositions have develop into a distinctive feature for relating personality theories. Furthermore, Bandura’s social cognitive theory in respect to Observational Learning include to the listing of personality study. The center of observational learning is modeling. Modeling is accumulating and deducting from behaviors observed, followed by taking a broad view from one observation to a further (Feist & Feist, 2009). Individuals endeavor to model their living from other individuals, picking out an individual with a prominent standing, capabilities, and supremacy. The individuality of personalities develops from the best models, in the surroundings. Influences act an important part in an individual character, however the distinctive behavior established in individuality like as disposition, physical type, and intellect is personal. An individual is born with skillfulness, capacity, and the potential to realize a large number of approaches. Personalities acquire development all the way through lifetime. Bandura’s concept of individual performance is the result of dealings of behaviors, variables, and environment (Feist & Feist, 2009). Personality individuality modeled by observational learning is logical. Individuals normally do as other individuals do, assuming an incentive is to result the actions demonstrate constancy, assuming a penalty ensue the individual is unlikely to do again the useless actions. The better the importance in which the observer puts on the conduct, the possibility of the observer doing again these actions is prominent (Feist & Feist, 2009). Dispositional and Observational Learning Theories Share a Common Bond The usual relationship shared through dispositional and observational theories is either hypothesis has the same opinion that personalities are self-motivated and distinctive for persons. Human agency, and conscious control, indicates that individuals enjoy the manner of deciding for own destiny. Motivational qualities, internal cause, external cause, stylistic, dysfunctional behaviors and appropriate purposeful self-governance are customary causes jointly allocated by dispositional theories and observational learning theories. Additionally, both theories facilitate to know personalities and behaviors and furnish a further thoroughly attitude from several resources which have carried out different process in attaining particular assumption. Conclusion In real meaning, personality study facilitates by learning personalities and behaviors. Learning and research conducted employing different systems and methods provide an improved feeling of recognition. Allport and Bandura dealt with personalities with unbiased thought and effective resources. Initiating with Allport, his personality theory arrives in the course of his positive observation of natural world. The development of personalities happens reasonably in a common environment. I agree it is factual that language, trends and styles, values, culture, and morals impact personalities; however the individuality and distinctiveness in a personality and essential motivations are the generally suggestible reasons (Feist & Feist, 2009). Remarkably, the extensive numbers of significant hypothesis in the development of theories for personalities persist to develop. Studies from former theorists keeps on to generating different assumption and concepts. Allport’s Personal dispositions aid research people to learn individualities. Allport’s goal is to uncover rejoinders to the subject; personality. What does the conscious motivation in individuality possess? What are the idiosyncrasies of the expressively vigorous individual? Bandura initiated learning through observation that contains major essentials in comprehending individualities and behaviors. A person’s performance is the outcome of shared interface of actions within the surroundings, behavior, and individual aspects (Feist & Feist, 2009). Individualities are together emotional and physical. Individuals possess the ability to study with the faculty of flexibility although individuals possess diversities both biological and social. Individualities compose the individual, the surroundings and social aspects establish the growth and continuance of individualities. The mainly significant issue to reflect on; there are no number of individuals who are similar and everyone in this world is distinct by himself.

Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 18

Case study - Essay Example The second category is active sport tourism. This category includes activity holidays and active events. The third category is event sport tourism. This includes the active and passive participation in sporting events (Gibson, 1998). Gibson (1998,p.49), further conceptualizes sport tourism to be in three distinct areas; traveling to take part in a sporting event; traveling to watch a sport; or travelling to celebrate, worship, or venerate a sport. More recent definitions of sport tourism argue that it is more than a two dimensional synergetic phenomenon. In a more intricate definition, sport tourism is a social, economic and cultural phenomenon that arises from the unique interaction of activity, people, and place (Weed & Bull, 2004, p. 37). Weymouth and Portland are located on the south coast of England. This area provides some of the best sailing waters in the UK. In addition to this, the area has facilities on land to complement the sailing activities that take place. Before the 2012 Olympic games, the area already had world class facilities but some few enhancements were necessary to ensure that the facilities were suitable enough to host the sailing competition during the main Olympics and the Paralympics (london2012.com). Considering that sailing is both a competitive and leisure sporting event, there were several types of sport tourist expected to be in the area during the Olympic period. Gibson conceptualizes sport tourism to be in three distinct areas; travelling to take part; travelling to watch; or travelling to celebrate, worship or venerate a sport. From his conceptualization, the types of tourists that can and were attracted to visit Weymouth and Portland

Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 11

Economics - Essay Example in terms of taking care of customers in order to retain their loyalty and administrating other business matters. If county size is small then there are less residents in the county, and county administration can easily take care of the needs of county residents, as a result residents remain loyal and do not think about migrating from there. As the residents in a small county are few in numbers, the county administration can have close contact with them. It can listen to there problems carefully and can redress them if it thinks them justified. Due to better understanding between a resident and administration the chance of resident’s disloyalty and disappointment are reduced. Other advantage claimed by Small County is that it can more easily deal with a problem than a large county. For example if a problem of water occurs in county, a small sized county can better deal with this problem due to its small size than a large county. Secondly, as the size of county increases another issue about providing facilities like water, security, gas etc. is also raised that is, will the county administration be able to fulfill all the needs of the residents in return of taxes e.g. property tax, paid by the residents. If the size of county increases it will be very difficult for county’s administration to fairly administrate the system of taxation. 2. If the investors are permitted then how county board will provide necessary facilities e.g. water etc., in return of taxes and funds paid by residents. As county already lacks sufficient water to support such a population increase, as a result residents can be disloyal. In this situation, how it would be possible for county board to raise sufficient funds for wanted

Employment Discrimination- Legal research term project Paper

Employment Discrimination- Legal term project - Research Paper Example It is essential to understand the content of employment laws that prohibit discrimination because inadequately following these laws may cost a company vast resources as a result of litigation if that company is not careful to prevent discriminatory practices in its hiring and employment. Employment discrimination is discrimination in the process of hiring, promoting, assigning, terminating, or compensating employees, which includes any kind of harassment or on-the-job persecution.2 Most often, this kind of discrimination is defined in terms of an impact on members of a particular class or category of people, such as ethnicity, gender, or disability. Measuring discrimination relative to the effect on members of protected classes is necessary because without membership in particular classes of people, there would be no basis for people to discriminate or hold prejudices against others. Clearly, discrimination can either occur on an explicit or implicit level, which corresponds to the d ifference between intentional and unintentional discrimination. In the case of unintentional, or implicit, discrimination, there may be subconscious biases or prejudices that a hiring manager may have against people of a certain group (e.g. that physically handicapped people are below average in intelligence) can cause a disparate impact on that group, simply through the manager’s hiring decisions.3 This impact may extend past the hiring process and into the areas of wage discrimination and workplace retaliation for various reasons. There are Constitutional limits on employment discrimination such as the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments, as well as a number of Federal laws. Although Constitutional dictates are universal, they apply only to employment in government and not in the private workplace. Among the most important pieces of Federal legislation against employment discrimination is Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibited discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex or national origin regarding terms, conditions, and privileges of employment. This coincided with the granting of civil rights to minorities in the United States in other areas of public life not expressly dealing with employment. One year prior to the CRA, the Equal Pay Act (EPA) of 1963 banned compensation for employees that differs based solely on sex and not on any other factor relative to the job. While it does not exclude other discriminatory practices in hiring, one of the EPA’s conditions is that workers who perform equal work in jobs requiring â€Å"equal skill, effort, and responsibility and performed under similar working conditions† should be provided equal pay.4 Although the pay differential between the sexes has not evened out completely since 1963, the law has been successful in paring much of the deficit. Employment

Heart of Darkness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Heart of Darkness - Essay Example Kurtz is repeatedly described as mad and this madness had its sources in two important things: a) intellect/genius and b) unbridled power. Perhaps Marlow gave one of the best explanations for madness within Kurtz when he tries to understand the sources of depths of madness that he noticed in Kurtz. It is where he overcomes with this deep urge to kill Kurtz because the man looked just so extraordinarily inhuman: "Soul! If anybody has ever struggled with a soul, I am the man. And I wasn't arguing with a lunatic either. Believe me or not, his intelligence was perfectly clear-concentrated, it is true, upon himself with horrible intensity, yet clear; and therein was my only chance-barring of course, the killing him there and then, which wasn't so good, on account of the unavoidable noise. But his soul was mad. Being alone in the wilderness, it had looked within itself, and, by heavens! I tell you, it had gone mad. He struggled with himself, too. I saw it,-I heard it. I saw the inconceivable mystery of a soul that knew no restraint, no faith, and no fear, yet struggling blindly with itself." (144-145) This passage makes one thing clear. Kurtz was not a lunatic. His soul was the center of his corruption and his senseless antics. The man had lost faith, fear and anything else that could keep a watchful eye on his soul. Marlow testifies in favor of Kurtz's clear thinking.

Product Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Product Strategy - Essay Example Consequently, by incorporating the consumers’ requirements in the designs, quality and composition of its products, an organization is in a position to win over customer loyalty and attract new and potential customers. The customer’s role in the research and development of new products is essential. The significance it plays, as far as profits and sales are concerned is extensive. Many entrepreneurs believe that inventions and innovations normally improve sales. This is opposed to reliance on customers’ needs, where one customer’s demand differs from another customer’s demand. They believe that what can break this barrier are innovations and inventions and that through innovation, a new product is introduced into the market and bridges the different consumer demands, making such opposing needs to converge (Wahab, 2013). Their paradigm is, however, inaccurate because marketing as a strategy concept involves, first knowing the target market, then the needs, wants and demands of the customers. Without knowing consumers’ demands then it is a waste of time selling because a business can be selling an irrelevant product that the target market does not need. Pursuant to that is understanding the products and services on offer since this is what will retain customers’ needs or demands; without consumers then marketing ceases to outlive its usefulness. Last is offering high-quality products and ensuring consumer satisfaction based on how the product is sold (Howard, 2014). Mark Cohen, in his article in the New York Times titled: A Revolutionary Marketing Strategy: Answer Customers’ Question, paints a picture of how the proprietor of Riverpools and Spas, Marcus Sheridon, used his marketing prowess to move the company which was on the brink of collapse back to prosperity. Where Marcus abandoned conventional marketing for content marketing this paid

Person Theory Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Person Theory Paper - Essay Example The counselor emulates Jesus as the ultimate counselor and offers unconditional acceptance of clients no matter what state of brokenness they are in. Clients find enlightenment in their issues from reflections from the bible and grow in an environment filled with positive encouragement. They are expected to do homework outside therapy sessions to help them deal with their problems and to develop a positive outlook and attitude. The multitude of counseling and psychotherapeutic approaches available has become both boon and bane to prospective clients in dire need of healing. The more popular ones founded by prominent figures in the field of Psychology have been dissected by both experts, students and ordinary people in terms of its effectiveness in bringing forth psychological well-being. All theories have had its share of accolade and criticisms, that choosing one which is most advantageous is overwhelming. Ultimately, the chosen counseling approach will depend on the needs, background, philosophy and personality of the client. A promising addition to the growing number of counseling approaches is the Trinity Approach. Like others that precede it, it aims to achieve balance within a person to enable him to function well in his life. It takes into account a person’s cognitive thinking processes, his emotions and his behaviors to contribute to a holistic individual. Therapy ensures the health and balance of his body, mind and spirit. A distinctive aspect of this approach is its strong Christian influence which is evident in the whole therapeutic process. It attributes ultimate healing of a person’s brokenness to developing and nurturing faith and a close relationship to God. From this spiritual foundation grows a person’s hope for living a more fulfilling life. Throughout the therapy process, it becomes clear that there is also a trinity that actively pursues the clients healing: - the client, the counselor

Apples iPhone Smartphone Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Apples iPhone Smartphone - Research Paper Example The launch of the iPhone was done in UK on June 29th 2007 amid great fanfare and customer expectations. The phone was touted as a hybrid cellphone-computer-mp3 player. It has all the dream features of a touch screen, with 3G technology, video camera recording, internet access through wifi, Bluetooth, mp3 player and GPS mapping. "It is not a phone, but a hand held multi-function device, one for a person on the move" was the message sent out by the company. In the internet based market, new applications are a premium market. The iPhone offers download features that are a great value addition to the customer. The market for mobile applications, or apps, will become "as big as the internet", peaking at 10 million apps in 2020, a leading online store says.1Apple runs the most popular application store with more than 65,000 applications. There had been a record 1.5 billion downloads in July 2009. 3G spectrum allows faster download of data, simultaneous transfer of both voice data (a telephone call) and non-voice data (such as downloading information, exchanging e-mail, and instant messaging. The highlight of 3G is video telephony. 4G technology stands to be the future standard of wireless devices2. When the customer does not need to carry a separate device for listening to radio, internet access, locating places on maps, communicating through audio-visuals and connecting to other mobile and non-mobile devices, definitely, the value addition can be measured in terms of millions of $ saved on these gadgets. A hand held magical device that acts as a screen for a bank account, a demat account, gives access to online shopping from across the world, brings the best of Utube and FM, helps people communicate and trade has added value not only on monetary terms, but also in terms of satisfaction for the customer. Customer Support Genius Bar These are set up at all retail stores to help customers troubleshoot any problems they may face. The customer support workers are professionals thoroughly trained in the working of Mac, iPod, Apple TV, and iPhone. There's little they don't know about Apple products3. An appointment can be fixed over the internet at the local Apple store. Download Support The iPhone comes with download support for a user guide complete with troubleshooting hints, syncing with other phones, enabling MMS. Thus, help is at hand for both offshore and onshore problems. The website http://www.apple.com/support/ gives clear instructions on getting help at every step, whether for setting up the iPhone or downloading complicated data from websites. Discussion Forums Discussion forums have been set up by the company for people to exchange their ideas and experiences while using the iPhone. This would be very handy for the customer as simple problems could be solved by interacting with other iPhone users. New partnerships with technology partners New products open up new markets and avenues for partnerships with both service providers and customers. The iPhone has brought about a revolution in the way a phone is used. It has opened business channels for various parties. Service providers Internet service providers and mobile telephony service providers are falling over each other to provide their service through

Discrimination Paper Essay Example for Free

Discrimination Paper Essay As you all probably know: discrimination is any situation in which a group or individual is treated differently based on something other than individual reason, usually their membership in a socially distinct group or category. These categories include ethnicity, sex, religion, age or disability. Discrimination can be thought of as favorable or unfavorable; however, today, â€Å"discrimination† is usually considered unfavorable. Racial discrimination, discrimination against women, and discrimination outside the United States, are some of the most common types of discrimination in the world. One of the most pervasive forms of discrimination in the United States is directed toward racial groups. There has always been conflict among the different races of people. The Constitution of the United States recognized the legality of slavery, the ultimate form of discrimination. Black males are one of the most common victims of discrimination. For example, a black male in the â€Å"ghetto† walks into a convenient store, the first thing that comes to the clerks mind is robbery or maybe even worse. African-Americans and other people of different races other than white have always been mistreated or judged just because of their color. Racial discrimination against Hispanic-Americans is also widespread. Employment, housing, and access to the judicial system is a problem for people other than whites. Asian-Americans also suffer discrimination. During World War II, the Japanese were forced to evacuate from the West Coast. American women have been victimized by discrimination in voting, employment, and other civil rights. Women were once known as â€Å"housewives†, and many men and women still think that is what a woman should be. Not only do people think women shouldn’t work, but they don’t think they should vote, serve on juries, or do anything else other than sit at home and do house work. In the late 160’s women organized to demand legal equality with men. They organized into the National Organization for Women and other groups for education, employment, and government. In 17, the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) was passed to the Constitution and submitted to the states for ratification. The ERA was suppose to eliminate legal discrimination against women, but it was not approved by the 18 deadline. Working toward the ERA built a skilled leadership of female politicians and lobbyists. Most nations practice discrimination against foreigners within their borders. It may be religious, such as Muslims against Jews, Protestants against Catholics; racial, or sexual discrimination, as in many countries where women have few rights. People in other countries are always fighting because of discrimination. International efforts to combat discrimination were minimal until the passage of the United Nations Charter in 145. The charter encourages â€Å"respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion. Discrimination causes great conflict among many people. Regardless of race, religion, sex, or any other characteristics, a person should not be discriminated. Discrimination is one of the reasons this country is falling apart. Every man and woman whether they are black, white, yellow or green should be able to equally do what ever they wish. Most people don’t realize that every person, color not mattering, came from the same place.

Ethnic groups were portrayed in the media Essay Example for Free

Ethnic groups were portrayed in the media Essay During the course of looking at education, and ethnicity issues I became interested in how ethnic groups were portrayed in the media. Although I havent studied this before, I wanted to do something different, but still apply the fundamental theories which I have studied. I have noticed how there seems to be a trend with all areas involving ethnicity, and personally feel there is racism and under-representation of ethnic groups on television, and definitely inequalities in the press. The media has a huge effect on our perception of life and self-concepts, and reinforce stereotypical ideals, and it seems that ethnic minorities tend to be characterised as uneducated, illiterate and bad role-models. Therefore the aim of this research is to see how people feel about the way the media represents all ethnic groups, and whether they think they are stereotypical. My first concept is the cultural effects model which sees the media as a very powerful influence, but also sees it as very diverse, and one type of audiences response may vary to another. However, there is an anticipated response, known as the preferred reading. Those who lack experience in cultural diversity are more likely to accept what is shown and therefore make generalisations from what they see to what they think. Therefore we make generalisations or stereotypical views of different members of society. This is my second concept. A stereotype is a conventional image of a person or group. Stereotypes generally conform to a pattern of dress or behaviour. A BBC news article entitled How entertainment changed: the media and multicultural Britain addressing how the media has changed over time and gives statistics from a recent survey to the public, to their (ethnic minorities) opinions on how they are represented in the media, and also how the overall public view the medias representations. The results were promising inasmuch as the public suggested there was improvement. However, there is apparently, still a lingering feeling that Britain has a long way to go before its multiculturalism is represented properly and effectively in the media. This is relevant to the point of research since it discusses how society is responding to what the media is involving, and if it is improving or not. Since there is such a dynamic response, it suggests that stereotypes do exist, and that there has been negative representation of ethnic groups. It also gives evidence to suggest that this representation has caused a problem it has effected audience perception of sub-cultures in society. We come to expect certain behaviour or values without looking at the bigger picture, through which the media tends to overlook. The third concept is racism. The belief that race accounts for differences in human character or ability and that a particular race is superior to others is racism. The contextual research included in this is; Racism and the press by Van Dijk in 1991. Here he analyses the reporting of ethnic issues in 1985 1989, in which the press, (especially the tabloids) portrayed black people as a problem and a threat to mainstream society. The collected findings of both pieces of research generally give a depressing reading. Under-representation and stereotypical characterisation within entertainment genres and negative, problem-orientated portrayal within factuality and news forms, and a tendency to ignore structural inequalities are recurring research findings when looking into the media.

Task: Managing Human Resources in Healthcare

Task: Managing Human Resources in Healthcare Mark Don Corpuz As a recent graduate, appointed to an HR Advisory role within a large New Zealand healthcare organization, you have been requested by your manager to develop a discussion document for management which: 1. Considers the following types of business factors that underpin human resource planning in a healthcare organization- business growth, decline, change, competition; impact of technology and labour market competition and employee development. Business growth There are things to consider when hiring people to work in a company: one is how this individual performs tasks that are beyond company expectations and the other is how the company will benefit from his performance. Every company expects to grow and gain profit to consider itself as successful and strong. However, this will not be possible without the help of its employees. And because HR management provides support to the company when it comes to hiring employees, this position is very well checked and maintained to make sure that the entire business will have dedicated and hard working staff to contribute on the success of its nature. The aging population in New Zealand is at high and is increasing every year, thus, making the health care industry popular in this country. HR department is responsible in making sure the staff concerns are well taken care and monitored. The growth of the health business depends on how workers or healthcare professionals participate to achieve common aims and to value it whenever necessary. Absenteeism and being late to work are common reasons why staff performance is low and time management is compromised. There was a saying that taking care of its employees will in return take care of the business. This is so true to most cases like what had happened in the Philippines that one of the taxi drivers returned a bag full of money to a tourist and was given attention by the government and the media. After the incident, the company where he was working was acknowledged for having honest taxi drivers. This case is very important to the business due to a reason that people will start to gain trust and confidence to call this company for their services. Decline and change Transformation of business environment is expected to be flexible in its form and the impact might have a huge effect to the management. There are concerns arising within the business environment which contribute to its changes such as staff reshuffle, union protest, legal concerns, and resignation of officials, improvement of working facilities and services or other events that help reshape the whole organization. There are also causes that may help companies to improve and increase its growth. Some examples are hiring of potential applicants that will provide favorable outcomes to the business. Health care sector are prone to different changes in its management. Some changes were influenced by new legislations and requirements. Government bodies like district health boards and PHARMAC help monitor and implement rules to help organizations comply with the law requirements. There are also legislations that help protect the rights of every employee which is being handled by HR personnel. Competition In business, competition is present to employees and institutions. This attitude may sometimes be understood as a rival between both parties and the aim is to be a winner. Competition is also considered to be an element of giving employees willingness and determination to work hard. This also makes individuals to aim for a higher career level and gaining good image for the organization to be acknowledged. Sometimes there are disadvantages when competition is uncontrolled because this may lead to common mistakes and misinterpretation of who is achieving a goal. In a health care facility, most employees compete to receive bonus and additional compensation offered by the company. Impact of Technology Computer nowadays provide direct access to information through internet which is believed to be useful. It also makes tasks like typing, recording, storing and updating data easier. HRM are using computer technology to help them in doing paper works and keeping documents. Documents are very important and storage devices are helpful in keeping records confidential. Advance technology also provides comfort and convenience to customers that use them. A nursing home that have advance setting with new up to date equipments will have a huge impact on potential customers. When a family or client visit’s a nursing home and finds everything to be new and advance, this might give them an impression that they are comfortable and pleasing to their eyes. This will tend them to stay in the nursing home and will be happy on the services they will receive. There are also negative impacts when using technologies. High cost of parts when equipment is broken can also be considered to have a negative cause to the business. Hi technology can also be very expensive and careful budget must be considered since this will also affect the financial stability of the company. Labour market competition and employee development There are many facilities that compete with each other in terms on how they provide services and how they deal with clients. Most companies use techniques to convince people to use or buy their services. And many try to advertise their facility to differentiate them from other businesses. Growth and development are important in an employee because this gives good foundation when he wants to excel on his current position. Growing through learning new ideas and updates are also essential to assist a worker to improve in his job. 2. Considers the following types of human resource requirements and factors that underpin human resource planning in a healthcare organization- identifying internal personnel requirements, internal and external factors in matching personnel to organizational requirements; government policies and labour market competition. Identifying internal personnel requirements There are a lot of requirements needed to be hired as an employee of the company. Human resource department give a list of things needed to an applicant when he wants to apply or when an individual is hired. These requirements are being used to do background check and assess on the qualification he achieved. These documents serve as a basis on whether an applicant is qualified or not for the job. The human resource team creates a process on how the recruitment is done and how this department can gather data from an applicant. Some department use forms to be filled by an applicant. There is some use one in one interview of the client and record it while listening to him. Information on its employees is a must to the company and must be treated in full confidentiality. This information is kept in records and managers usually review them for promotions or legal purposes. Identification of personal data is also needed to know and familiarize the background of every worker in the company. Internal organizational requirements Organizations have objective and these must be aimed for the success of the business. The success of the business depends on the value of services it offers. Many companies try to compel the quality they must serve and they want to improve their services beyond the required international standard in order to be more competitive to people. Organizations also impose guidelines on how they want their employees to work in the company. Managers are providing certain steps on how to choose individuals. In terms of qualification, managers find ways and ideas on how the company find qualified applicants. HR staff helps the administration to give criteria on how one will get hired. In terms of operation, organizations work with different departments to ensure that internal needs of the company are met. For example, managers look at possible work hazards that might affect the operation of the business. Managers list down factors that comprise the whole organization. One to be prioritized is health and safety on employees and salary issues. These things are emphasized by the manager and HR personnel to better give employees the value of their rights and will not violate any legal matter. Government policies Before a company start, it must strictly comply on the government regulations. These regulations are made based on law and that these are practiced to ensure that nothing is violated. To better understand the purpose why a law was made, we can look on its contents and how it is implemented. All contents clearly state the description on how someone will be protected from abuse or harm. The HR department is responsible in making sure the rights of every employee are implemented in the workplace. Its duty is to orient every employee on what are his basic rights and how he can practice it. References: 1. ISBE (2011). As retrieved from http://www.isbe.org.uk/HRM. 2. Tuomi, Lauri. The Strategic Human in Growth Firms: A Finnish Case as retrieved from http://webs2002.uab.es/edp/workshop/cd/Proceedings/3EDPW_LTuomi.pdf 3. Chron (2014). How can HR a competitive advantage for any organization? As retrieved from http://smallbusiness.chron.com/can-hr-become-competitive-advantage-organization-50913.html 4. 2000. How will new technologies change the human resource profession? As retrieved from http://www.indiana.edu/~jobtalk/Articles/hrm/TechnologyChange.htm 5. Berkeley HR, University of California. Chapter 11: employee development and training as retrieved from http://hrweb.berkeley.edu/guides/managing-hr/managing-successfully/development 6. Human Resources, Institute of New Zealand. Human Resources Management in New Zealand as retrieved from http://www.hrinz.org.nz/Site/Resources/hrm_in_nz.aspx 7. Standards New Zealand. New ISO standard focuses on importance of people in quality management as retrieved from http://www.standards.co.nz/news/media-releases/2012/nov/new-iso-standard-focuses-on-importance-of-people-in-quality-management/

The Reapers Image :: essays research papers

The Reaper's Image   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This story is about two men who were transporting an antique mirrow from the first floor of an old museum to the fifth. Their names were Spangler and Carlin. This mirror had a history of being haunted, and some people would look into the mirror and see a hooded figure standing behind them. This figure was presumed to be Death, and whenever someone would see this figure they were never seen again. Carlin spends the whole story trying to convice Spangler that this is really true, but Spangler just calls Carlin crazy. Finally, near the end of the story, Spangler looks in the mirror and sees a dark inperfection in the corner, which he mistakes for friction tape. When Carlin tells him that there is no friction tape on the mirror, Spangler becomes sick and leaves for the bathroom. The story ends with Carlin waiting for Spangler to return.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I thought that this story was very good, because it started off really slow and worked it's way into a really interesting plot. I liked the end because it never really finished, it left the ending up to the reader. This seems to be a common theme in a lot of Stephen King's stories. He likes to leave the reader in suspense, and keep them wondering. Here There Be Tygers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This story is about a little boy named Charles who is in elementary school. He has to go to the bathrrom really bad, but he is afraid to ask because the teacher does not like him. Finally the teacher sees him squirming and asks him if he needs to use the restroom. He says yes and is very embarassed in front of the class, so he leaves quickly. When he steps into the bathroom, he sees a tiger lying in the corner, and it looks hungry. He goes back outside and sits there for a while wondering what he should do. His friend Kenny finally comes up to him because his teacher noticed that he was gone a long time. Charles tells him that there is a tiger in the bathroom, but Kenny does not believe him. Kenny goes into the bathroom and does not come back out. Then even later, his teacher comes and starts yelling at him. She goes into the bathroom and she doesn't come back out either. The story ends with Charles coming back to class and reading a story about a rodeo.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This is another story that ends really abruptly. It was strange because after knowing that his friend and his teacher were both killed by a tiger, he

A Cappella? Is That How You Spell It? :: essays research papers

A Cappella? Is That How You Spell It? The phrase a cappella is among the most butchered and misunderstood musical terms. The predominant, and most "correct" spelling, is ... a cappella - two words, two "p's", two "l's." A Cappella, A Picky Definition Musicologists have fun debating the extent to which a cappella, 'in the style of the chapel,' can include instrumental accompaniment. Some argue that early sacred a cappella performances would sometimes include instruments that double a human voice part. So, the correct definition of a cappella should be something like 'singing without independent instrumental accompaniment.' At Primarily A Cappella, we are trying to popularize this style of music, so we like to keep it simple. a cappella - two words, two "p's", two "l's." singing without instruments A Capella? Some musical dictionaries indicate that the Italian a cappella is preferred over the Latin a capella (one "p") yet both are technically correct. Why do those dictionaries muddy the waters with two spellings? The phrase was first used in Italian Catholic churches, where Latin was the language for sacred text. Thus, the Latin spelling for 'in the style of the chapel' - a capella - has some historical basis. However, most other musical terms - forte, accelerando, and many others - are Italian in origin. Since the Italian spelling is more consistent with other musical terms, it has been used more frequently. Given the difficulty of spelling our favorite style of music, we'd like to endorse the simplicity of a single spelling: a cappella - two words, two "p's", two "l's." singing without instruments Acappella Joining the two Italian words together to make Acappella is a popular variation in the U.S. For many streetcorner singing fans, Acappella means unaccompanied singing of 'fifties (and early 'sixties) songs. There were a series of recordings released in the early 1960's of Mid-Atlantic unaccompanied doo-wop groups called "The Best of Acappella." The liner notes on the first LP noted that Acappella means "singing without music." In this matter we do tend towards being picky - instruments do not alone music make! A cappella (or Acappella) singers make music while they are ... singing without instruments A more recent, second meaning of Acappella has emerged. The Contemporary Christian group Acappella is the first formed by prolific songwriter Keith Lancaster. In the early 1990's he added Acappella Vocal Band (now mostly known as AVB) and "Acappella: The Series" which uses studio singers (plus LOTS of electronic help) to perform songs around specific themes. All of these efforts are now combined in The Acappella Company. The good news is they have sold millions of recordings and have contributed greatly to the awareness of a

Biography of Richard Millhouse Nixon Essay -- American Presidents Biog

Biography of Richard Millhouse Nixon Richard Millhouse Nixon, 37th president of the United States (1969-1972) was born on January 9, 1913 in Yorba Linda, California. Nixon was one of the most controversial politicians of the twentieth century. He built his political career on the communist scare of the late forties and early fifties, but as president he achieved dà ©tente with the Soviet Union and opened relations with the People's Republic of China. His administration occurred during the domestic upheavals brought on by the civil rights movement and the Vietnam War. He was re-elected in 1972 by an overwhelming margin, but less than two years later, he was forced to become the first man to resign the presidency amid the scandal and shame of Watergate. He staged a difficult political comeback in 1968, after purportedly retiring from politics, and by the end of his life, he had shed some of the scourge of Watergate and was again a respected elder statesman, largely because of his record on foreign policy. He died on Febr uary 22, 1994. His writings include three autobiographical works, Six Crises (1962), RN: the Memoirs of Richard Nixon (1978), and In the Arena (1990). Early Political Career Nixon came from a southern-California Quaker family, where hard work and integrity were deeply rooted and heavily emphasized. Always a good student, he was invited by Harvard and Yale to apply for scholarships, but his older brother's illness and the Depression made his presence close to home necessary, and he was attended nearby Whittier College, where he graduated second in his class in 1934. He went on to law school at Duke University, where his seriousness and determination won him the nickname "Gloomy Gus." He graduated third in his class and applied for jobs with both large Northeastern law firms and the FBI His applications were all rejected, however, and he was forced to go home to southern California, where his mother helped get him a job at a friend's local law firm. At the outbreak of World War Two, Nixon went to work briefly for the tire-rationing section the Office of Price Administration in Washington, DC, and eight months later, he joined the Navy and was sent to the Pacific as a supply officer. He was popular with his men, and such an accomplished poker player that he was able to send enough of his comrades-in-arms' money back home to help fund his fir... ...he man he had appointed to replace Spiro Agnew as Vice-President. Soon after taking office Ford granted Nixon a pardon for any crimes he might have committed as president. Unlike some of his aides, Nixon never went to jail. After resigning the presidency, Nixon sought to portray himself as an elder statesman. He published and five books on US foreign policy: The Real War (1980), Real Peace (1983), No More Vietnams (1985), 1999: Victory without War (1988), Seize the Moment (1992), and Beyond Peace (1994). By the 1990s, much of the scandal had been forgotten, and Nixon was again hailed as a genius of foreign policy and jokingly considered a possible Republican presidential candidate. T-shirts and bumperstickers appeared bearing the motto "He's tan, he's rested, and he's ready: Nixon in '92." References Aitken, Jonathan. Nixon, A Life. Regnery Publishing, 1993 Ambrose, Stephen E. Nixon : The Education of a Politician, 1913-1962. Simon and Schuster, 1988. Genovese, Michael A. The Nixon Presidency: Power and Politics in Turbulent Times. Greenwood Press, 1990 Hoff-Wilson, Joan. Nixon Reconsidered. BasicBooks, 1994. WGBH Boston. Nixon (videorecording). PBS Video, 1990.

Adavantages and disadvantages of space tourism Essay

Tourism is a worldwide popular trend .people love exploring different places by going to destinations which are alien to them. Their are various forms of tourism like ecotourism, cultural tourism, medical tourism ete.. Recently, a new type of tourism was added to list. Namely space tourism. It is just as the name suggest going to space for various purposes like leisure, business ete.. today in this article I will look at the pros and cons of space tourism. One of the main merit of tourism is that it helps to develop economy. As we all know space tourism is a very wide industry hence it will open a path for many job opportunities bringing a solution to the problem of jobless people to a certain extent. Furthermore we will get to discover a wide variety of new things. We can experience firsthand the beauty of comets, asteroids, stars and planets rather than seeing them by using a telescope, after all seeing with our own eyes have a different feel completely. In addition to this ,the fu ture of tourism will flourish. When advanced technological inventions like space shuttles and such are used a lot of people will be attracted to this industry .This is very much true right? Just imagine if we come across an event which we are not very familiar with then the tendency to learn it also grows. On the other hand, there are a lot of demerits of space tourism as well. Space tourism is quite a risky thing. No matter how developed we are if a catastrophe strikes in outer space we are not very likely to survive .moreover, it can be called simply a useless activity. Just for the mere pleasure of the eye there is no need to spend so much. It is a squander of money and time Instead, if that same amount is given to the people who are suffering from famine and natural disasters, magnanimously we can make our world a better place for people of different standards. Space tourism is also affordable to a few. Even one trip to space takes over hundred thousand dollars. This results in different problems between the rich and poor .furthermore, it gives rise to a lot of environmental problems like global warming since a lot of non renewable sources are used in this industry. Space tourism is both a boon and ban .if it is carried out carefully then it will bring about lot of benefits and if it is not carries out carefully then get ready to face the worst outcome.

More than Black & White: I am Who I am Essay

One thing that truly sparked my attention for this assignment is the title, â€Å"Who am I and Why Does it Matter?† Over twenty-two years of my existence, I still ask myself this question every day. I cannot guarantee that I have an absolute answer, for I am still in the process of personal discovery and grasping the concept of personhood that differs at a particular time. What does it really mean to be me, especially at this point in time? Am I the same person now as opposed to say, a decade ago? As I take a step back and recollect all my past experiences in life, I noticed how much I have grown and how my perception of who and what I am has significantly transformed. Each year contributes to my development as I transition from an adolescent into adulthood; each life stage marks a new beginning as I approach closer and closer towards uncovering this indeterminate question of â€Å"Who and what am I†? I identify myself as a man; but what does it really mean to be a man? Is it solely defined by my biological features, the way in which I am genetically born with male genitals? As I continue to dive further into this question, I am reminded once again by John Locke’s Prince and the Cobbler analogy. If the prince, one day, wakes up in the cobbler’s body, is he no longer the prince—and vice versa? To what I remember in my philosophy course, Locke’s objection to the Same-Body Theory, argues that the sameness of body cannot be the gauge of identifying whether or not two individuals are the same person. Similarly, in contemporary times there are individuals who are genetically born as males but identify themselves as females—and vice versa. So if the body is not the sole definition to define gender variations, then what is? Growing up, I was taught that men are expected to be masculine, strong, and brave. Residing in a male-dominant society, often times men are expected to suck up their pain—physically or emotionally. We must play the dominant role and cannot show signs of fear or we would be seen as incompetent. Women, on the other hand, are depicted as a motherly-figure, the nurturer and homemaker; and believe it or not, women are perceived as inferior in contrast to the superiority of male counterparts. It is due to these gender roles that every individual must â€Å"act† a certain way in order to uphold society’s stereotypical views of what is considerably the norms  given these gender variations. And believe me, I am everything NOT what was described above. I am scrawny like a twig, unafraid to show my emotions, still cry like a baby when I need to, and there is relatively a feminine touch within me. I see myself as a man, not because of my physical body or how society shapes the image of what a man is supposed to be. I am a man, because of my own personal values, beliefs and how I was raised—my culture, character, and most importantly, my own shaped image or interpretation of what a man truly entails. In other words, I can associate a man who is unafraid to break boundaries’ directing to traditional gender roles, someone who is confident in his own skin and fearless to show emotions. He is a hero not because he portrayed no signs of weakness or fear. He is a hero because he is unafraid to show those weakness or fear in public, and to conquer them in becoming stronger. It does not matter how society sees you, what really matters, is how you see yourself. Furthermore, it is important for the younger generation to understand the concept that it is okay to be different, and that, gender is in the eyes of the beholder. Women are not any less competent than men, and men are not any less emotional than women. This is an important point to address when working with others either in an academic or working environment. A better understanding of these concepts can help better equip a team-building atmosphere. Placing ourselves in each other’s shoes and seeing things at a different prospect—at different angles, can help improve gender equality. As a result, this constitutes to producing results at its most efficient and effective way. If we take another step back and evaluate other characteristics regarding my personal identity, my race and ethnicity is only a dime size in the deep ocean. I was born in the Guangdong province located in the south of Chinese borders, and again, it is a size of a pencil point if you were to locate it on the map of China. When I first arrived in the United States, my family was exceptionally traditional. It took them approximately a decade to slowly assimilate into the American culture. Furthermore, my parents forced me to study the Cantonese language, along with Mandarin, and my mother constantly remind me to never forge my origins. And now that I am an adult, I take her words dear to my heart. I associate myself with yellow skin and I am proud to be a part of my Chinese heritage. Nonetheless, China has over five  thousand years of history, and countless cultural differences across all regions of People’s Republic. And, because there are so many variations within the Chinese heritage, it is inevitable for others to project misconceptions of Chinese people. Especially in western and European societies, we are being seen as those with squinty eyes, loud, animal abusers, and lack of etiquette and mannerism. I am not saying that there are absolutely no Chinese individuals who fits into those categories, but generally, this reflects upon everyone across all cultures. We live in such a diverse world, and especially in San Francisco, there are innumerable different faces that comes in all shapes and colors. It is important that because we live in a society where diversity is so prominent, we need to learn how to appreciate and accept these differences. Every culture and heritage consists of their own practices, values and beliefs. Do not be shy to showcase who you are, and only judge others similar to how you would like to be judge. I think the reason why there are so many fallacies, and discrimination against a particular race or culture is due to the fact that people are simply unaware, and afraid to accept differences—fear of change . When one is accustomed to a particular culture or language all their lives, they begin to draw barriers and become close minded with regards to the outside world. They become frightened of exploring the new and unfamiliar, and refuse to accept diversities that resides outside their comfort zone—the ambiguous. As educators, peers, working professionals, we need to instruct others to embrace diversity in comprising an all-inclusive environment. That is the reason why I joined ASI Project Connect, is due to the different faces I see, and how they appreciate and accept me for who I am—my race, culture, gender. In order for me to contribute back to ASI, I will use similar attitude to recruit and retain new members, educating them that the beauty of living lies not in all similarities and perfections, but for all the differences to help broaden our knowledge and learn more about other parts of the world. In turn, we improve ourselves on how to treat others with dignity and mutual respect, keeping an open mind and appreciate race and ethnicities at a more personal level. Similar to what Socrates once said, â€Å"The unexamined life is not worth living†. We must not be imprisoned in Plato’s cave forever, not knowing what really occurs outside our familiarity; but instead, we must formulate questions and explore life  outside the cave. Even though it is relatively factual to say that we all share similarities, exposing ourselves with familiar characteristics which reflects another key point in relating to others with parallel interests and retaining them. But within those similarities consists of differences that we should all learn to value and appreciate in order to serve as role-models for new generations. That way, we can better recruit and retain members across all parts of the world who share both similarities AND differences. In this world, there are more than simply black and white, but we live in a society filled with compound colors. How you see yourself is more important than how others see you. You are who you are, and you should not change to fit into certain expectations or societal roles. At the end of each day, ultimately, I am who I am and there’s nothing you can do or say to change me, for I am proud of being simply†¦me!

Ethics of Belief – Clifford

Clifford focuses on three main points throughout the Ethics of Belief article. He believes that in order to have a sense of belief one must inquire on the belief, question authority, and the limit the usage of inference. He believes that without these three factors it is difficult to come to a consensus on what are the right and wrong principles of belief. At the beginning of the article Clifford focuses on the duty of inquiry. In order to set the background, Clifford introduces a story about a man who sent a ship out into the sea knowing it was not seaworthy.The ships condition inevitably led to its sinking, and the death of the people aboard. Now, Clifford claims that the man is guilty of the death of these people because, â€Å"†¦ he had no right to believe such evidence was before him†(pg 236). This is true for a number of reasons. Paraphrasing what Clifford mentioned, mans belief is never a private matter, and every insignificant moment counts. Clifford states, †Å"†¦it is not the belief which is judged to be wrong, but the action following upon it†(pg 237).If the man had taken use of his time and taken the extra initiative to double check if the ship was in sea-worthy condition, he could have not been in a guilty position. Skipping this action effected lives of many. Clifford's argues that when one has a belief it does not matter whether the belief is true or false, but rather if it is followed through upon fair grounds. When speaking of the duty of inquiry, it is very important to inquire on the belief and obtain evidence as to create a fair inquiry.Second the weight of authority plays a role in the ethic of belief. One argument throughout the article is supporting the reason why should we believe something that goes beyond our own experience or even beyond the understanding of mankind. People tend to believe men with power and authority, but there may not be a justifiable reason to believe that they are not deluded themselves. Unless a belief created by authority is within their area of knowledge, how can we be justified in believing them.This question has helped people ask more questions, to examine, and to investigate beliefs and to determine what a belief should be based on before it should be believed to be true. The last point he made was on the limits of inference. The basis of this argument is that it is wrong to believe without sufficient evidence and that ultimately no evidence can be justified if it is beyond our knowledge and the uniformity of nature. I believe there is no flaw in Clifford's article.He believes that in order to have a valid belief it must have the principles of inquiry, limitations on authority, and the need for more evidence. Without inquiring more into the evidence, it can lead to false belief which can only cause trouble. I agree with Clifford's view of gaining knowledge through inquiry, examining and investigating the perspective of authority because there is no reason to b elieve that they themselves are in a position to know right from wrong, that their authority and command on belief is one to be trusted.Lastly I agree with his ideas on the limits of inference. A belief may be something that is beyond our experience and we might never understand this experience unless we have experienced it. Anyone can infer, but without evidence they can't justify a belief especially if it outside what is known to them. Every moment in life is precious it is very important that we take advantage of each moment. Clifford's views resonate with me because he cherishes the power of knowledge. It is crucial to constantly question, examine and investigate all beliefs and assumptions.Another important idea to note is that just because someone has a belief doesn't mean it has any grounds of truth. No amount of authority is grounds to believe any idea. Lastly it is important to always find evidence to support beliefs and never make unjustifiable assumptions as seen in that ship example. Belief gives humans a sense of power and allows them to gain a better understanding of life. Though it is important to recognize that this power can also easily be abused if not properly analyzed.

Modern Latin America

The 480 pages work by Editors Thomas E Skidmore, & Peter H Smith named Modern Latin America; 5th Edition published in September 1, 2000 by Oxford University Press, USA is a truly intriguing book on the subject of modern Latin America and the influence and impact of globalization and neo liberalism on its population. Though this book starts with the opening line that indicates the birth of ancient civilization by mentioning â€Å"When Europeans reached present-day Latin America they found three important civilizations: Mayan, Aztec, and Incan† (Skidmore, 2000), it soon came to the focal point of the book that is the influence and impact of globalization and neo liberalism on Latin American population by even mentioning areas like the Brazilian soccer, Latino popular music and Cuban Santeria and their influence all over the world by the dint of globalization. However the book always tends to focus on the socio cultural transitions from fundamental cultural stability to the intricacy and complexities of modernization. It is true that no socio cultural evaluation can be complete without the mention of political and economical significance on the population thus information regarding these are well updated with the mention of neo democratic movements that is fast becoming the basic milieu of the Latin American culture. Examples like Brazil and Argentina are well received in his context. The examples of the new world economy with the advent of globalization are another aspect that has influenced the various walks of life in the Latin world. This has incorporated differential positioning of art, literature and movies in the area along with the impact of US interventions in many occasions.   Thus with further future development prospects in this region the dynamism of the socio-cultural and economical drifts are well incorporated in this work by Editors Thomas E Skidmore, & Peter H Smith. Reference: Editors: Skidmore, Thomas E & Smith, Peter H; 2000; Modern Latin America; 5th Edition; Oxford University Press, USA

Analysis of Pakistan Industry

Ans. Pakistan economy is growing steadily. This growth demands higher energy utilization and accordingly putting high pressure on countries economy. Pakistan mainly depends upon oil and gas resources to fulfill energy necessities. Native resources of Oil are not enough to put out energy thirst of the growing economy. As a result Pakistan has to import large quantity of oil and oil based products from Middle East countries. Gas assets in the country are enough for current gas requirements. So natural gas is playing a key role in power sector. Currently in oil upstream and downstream sector there are some local and international companies involved and government of Pakistan is creating such policies that it can attract more international sponsors in this sector but the quicked rate of knots of change, high degree of inability to make up your mind and unstable political situation of the country present momentous challenges and menace to foreign investment. There are so many Industries in Pakistan, some are gigantic and some are undersized. Each and every industry has its own criteria; Main industries of Pakistan are Agriculture, Pharmaceuticals, Information Technology, Shipping Logistics and Petroleum industry, which are working on a huge scale of Pakistan. The industry which we selected is Petroleum Industry of Pakistan. Objective of our research is to highlight the present status of petroleum industry in Pakistan and its future projections keeping in view the internal result situation and geopolitical outward appearance of the county. Oil is passes through two processes both are listed below: 1. Extraction of Petroleum: The taking out of petroleum is the process by which usable petroleum is extracted and removed from the earth. Process: Extracting crude oil usually starts with drilling wells into the subversive reservoir. When an oil well has been spigoted, a geologist (known on the rig as the mud logger) will note its presence. Such a mud logger is known to be sitting on the assemble. Historically, in the USA, some oil fields stay alived where the oil rose naturally to the surface, but most of these fields have long since been used up, except in certain places in Alaska. Often many wells (called multilateral wells) are drilled into the same reservoir, to guarantee that the extraction rate will be economically feasible. Also, some wells (secondary wells) may be used to pump water, steam, acids or various gas mixtures into the reservoir to raise or maintain the reservoir pressure, and so maintain an economic extraction rate. 2. OIL REFINARY: An oil refinery or petroleum refinery is an industrial process plant where crude oil is processed and refined into more useful petroleum products, such as naphtha, gasoline, diesel fuel, and asphalt base, heating oil, kerosene, and liquefied petroleum gas. Process: Oil refineries are characteristically large, rambling industrial multifariouses with extensive piping running throughout, carrying streams of fluids between large chemical processing units. In many ways, oil refineries use much of the technology of, and can be thought of, as types of chemical plants. The crude oil feedstock has typically been processed by an oil production plant. There is usually an oil depository (tank farm) at or near an oil refinery for storage of immensity liquid products. An oil refinery is considered an indispensable part of the downstream side of the petroleum industry. Historical Background of Petroleum in Pakistan First well was drilled in 1866 at Kundal in the upper region of Indus valley. Shallow wells were drilled in the following years, and from 1886, small scale production of oil started in Khattan (Balochistan). In 1915, the first series of commercial oil discovery was made in the Potwar basin (Punjab). After independence in 1947, there was a need for an appropriate legislative framework to organize the petroleum sector, therefore the policies for petroleum were introduced in 1949. These rules or policies contained inducement that generated a new beckon of exploration. The Government of Pakistan decided to enter directly into oil exploration in order to sustain the exploration effort with assistance from U. S. S. R they established the Oil and Gas Development Corporation (OGDC) in the public sector in 1961, which provided successful track in discovery of oil and gas reserves with in the country. Due to Pakistan’s modest oil production, the country is dependent on oil imports to satisfy domestic oil demand. As of November 2006, Pakistan had consumed approximately 350 thousand barrels of oil and various petroleum products, of which, more than 80 percent was imported. 2. 2 Major Players of this Industry: Q. 2 List five largest companies in your industry holding 51% of share in the market? (Descriptive Analysis) Ans. Major Players in upstream sector: 1. Oil Gas Development Company Limited: OGDC was created in 1961 under an agreement signed by GOP with USSR for financing paraphernalias and services of Soviet experts for exploration of oil and gas in the sector. During 1970s, Western technology was introduced and it also under took an belligerent program in Exploration sector of Pakistan. Seventies spreading outs resulted in discovery of number of oil fields and hence OGDCL financial independence. Pakistan holds 74. 82% venture in the company. 2. Pakistan Petroleum Limited: Incorporated on June 5, 1950 as a Public Limited company, PPL presented at birth all the assets and liabilities of the Burmah Oil Company (Pakistan Concessions) Limited, and on targeted business on 01 July 1952. In 1997, Burmah sold PPL to GoP. In July 2004 the government sold 15% of these holdings to general municipal as part of Privatization Program. PPLs present exploration portfolio consists of 17 exploration blocks out of which nine (9) areas, including one (1) offshore block, are PPL operated and eight (8) areas including one (1) offshore block are partner operated. As of June 30, 2006, the remaining confirmed recoverable assets of PPL consisted of 4. 391 TCf of gas (784 million barrels of oil equivalent) and around 21 millions of barrel oil. The company’s current hydrocarbon construction interms of energy is equivalent to around 184,000 barrels of crude oil per day. The stipulate for the energy is rising due to economic growth. Therefore to meet the demand PPL has embarked on various detections to intensify theenergy supply. GoP hold 70. 66% of the shares. 3. Pakistan State Oil: Pakistan State Oil is the largest oil company and the only national one in Pakistan with 61% market share in overall sales volume. When the overall sales volume had been moribund in the past few years, the company decided to enthusiastically chase retail markets with new, modernized pumps. The company has also introduced a variety of products that will help them in maintaining their market share which include corporate credit cards, fleet cards and prepaid cards. They have built New Vision channels to make available better eminence service to its customers. 4. Shell Pakistan: In 1928, to boost their allocation competencies, the marketing interest of Royal Dutch Shell and the Burmah Oil Company Limited in India were amalgamated and Burmah Shell Oil Storage Distribution Company of India was born. After the independence of Pakistan in 1947, the name was changed to the Burmah Shell Oil Distribution Company of Pakistan. In 1970, when 51% of the shareholding was transmitted to Pakistani investors, the name of changed to Pakistan Burmah Shell Limited (PBS). The Shell and the Burmah Groups maintained the remaining 49% in equal propositions. In February 1993, as economic liberalization commenced to take starting place and the Burmah dissociated from from PBS, Shell Petroleum stepped into raise its stake to 51%. The years 2001-2 have seen the Shell Petroleum Company sequentially increasing its share, with the Group now having a 76% stake in Shell Pakistan Limited (SPL). 5. National Refinery Limited: National Refinery Limited (NRL) is a petroleum refinery and petrochemical complex affianced in the manufacture and supplies of asphalts, BTX, fuel products and lubes for domestic expenditure and export. NRL stands to be the second largest refinery of Pakistan in term of crude oil handing out capability and the only lube oil refinery of the country. The company controls within fuel and lube business subdivisions. Fuel segment is primarily a miscellaneous supplier of fuel products offering furnace oil, high speed diesel (HSD), jet fuels, liquefied petroleum gas, motor gasoline and it exports naphtha. Lube segment mainly endows with different types of lube base oils, asphalts, some fuel products, waxes and rubber process oil, while it also sell overseas lube base oils. Company holds 55% market shares. Macro Environmental Analysis POLITICAL ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS: 1. Environmental Issues: Poor natural resource management and extending high population rise in Pakistan has a negative impact on Pakistan’s environment. Pakistan is focusing to achieve self-sufficiency in food yield, coping with energy requirement and bearing its high population growth rather to restrict on population or other environmental issues. Lack of funding efforts is apparent in Pakistan’s environmental protection. 2. Future Legislation Home Markets: There’s not as such future legislation in Pakistan regarding petroleum because the petroleum prices fluctuate every day and it’s set by our Regulatory Agencies of petroleum in Pakistan by seeing the international prices of Oil. 3. Regulatory Bodies Processes: Regulatory bodies mostly work administratively with government but for all practical purposes it work independent. Nevertheless, its independency maybe confined by the rules and regulation which more often than not established by the ministry itself. Sometimes the problems or the issues are multi-sectorial or multi-ministerial and therefore mostly treated by the Prime Minister (PM) himself and his Cabinet Division. It has been observed that OGRA-(Oil Gas Regulatory Authority) can’t perform its work properly; it’s because of the unduly going up prices of CNG LPG therefore, they cannot able to shape out space of itself. Now coming up to the oil pricing it has been observed that OCAC-(Oil Companies Advisory Committee) has executed and could execute better than OGRA. It has been seen mostly that OGRA just give recommendations for oil pricing but it’s depend on government that they give subsidy or not. Now OGRA’s job today is to calculate the price and print it. There are many ifs and buts in it, which OGRA should have made a practice of talking about in broad day light in public audience than determining on these quietly and sliding into the pricing system. 4. Government Policies: The Government of Pakistan is aware of the striking changes that have taken place in the pricing and cost environment of the international oil and gas industry. The forceful increase in the crude oil prices in the international market has changed the nature of the EP- (Exploration and Production) sectors which necessitates forceful changes in the approach towards the sector. In addition, the GoP-(Government of Pakistan) recognizes the operating disputes and circumstances for the Pakistan oil exploration and development industry. Today, more than ever before, the GoP stands committed to providing fiscal and regulatory inducement that would increase and facilitate EP companies in stimulating their exploration and development programs in order to maximize domestic oil and gas production in the coming years. 5. Trading Policies: However, exploration and development industry people fear that the policy, which would provide the much took impulse to the exploration activities, might fall prey to the political exploitation following condemnation of the prime minister. The sources said that the policy was presented before the Council of Common Interest (CCI) and was forwarded to provinces for comments. All the provinces nod was needed for the implementation and the Punjab government’s reservations regarding the PM’s conviction could go adverse for the policy, they said. Industry people said that the Petroleum Policy 2012 would provide the much took impulse to the exploration and production activities in the country and there must not be any delay in its announcement. The new petroleum policy is the oil and gas producing province would acquire 12. 5 % of imperial. The Windfall Levy Oil (WLO) and Windfall Levy Gas (WLG) charges have been reduced from 50 % to 40 %, the sources said, adding that the crude price range for applicability of WLO has also been moved up from $30-100 per barrel range to $40-110 per barrel. The minimal working interest that local companies are demanded to hold has been increased to 20 % from 15 %, they added. 6. Funding, Grants Initiatives: Pakistan State Oil (PSO) has decided to stop the supply of oil to power companies on credit basis as the amount due is fix to cross the Rs. 200 billion mark. The Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Resources has asked the Ministry of Water and Power to arrange funds and buy oil on cash. A petroleum ministry official said, â€Å"If power companies do not release funds for furnace oil, the water and power ministry should directly import furnace oil or buy from local refineries for running the power plants. † PSO, the largest oil marketing company of the country, imports and supplies furnace oil to power companies on deferred payment. â€Å"Now, PSO will not open letters of credit (LC) for furnace oil import unless power companies pay cash,† the official said. To classify the matter, the Ministry of Finance did a meeting. According to the official, the supply of high-speed diesel and other petroleum products is being hurt because of increasing dues to be paid by power companies. Because of the financial crunch, PSO has also not been able to pay the refineries, which in turn are facing difficulties in importing crude oil and making payments to national oil and gas explorer Oil and Gas Development Company-(OGDC). Oil refineries and gas distribution companies are to pay over Rs. 131 billion to OGDC, which has haltered exploration activity. Qatari investors have been invited to invest in the oil and petroleum sector of Pakistan during the recently held second session of the Pak-Qatar Join Ministerial Commission here. During the session of the committee, the Qatari delegation was appraised on the opportunities in Pakistan’s oil and petroleum sector. It was also altered of the potential in Pakistan’s offshore oil exploration opportunities and government incentives being extended in this regard. The delegation promised to assess these proposals individually. It is apt to note that Qatar’s Minister of Energy and Industry had recently been in Pakistan to attend the Pak-Qatar Join Ministerial Commission. ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS: The economic-environmental analysis of petroleum industry in Pakistan basically gives the wide picture of industry operations analyzing the impacts of economy and environment like the policies specified for this particular industry, regulations, market distribution assessment and costs incurred. In short it focuses on economic trends of petroleum industry in Pakistan and its effects. 1. Home Economy Situation: Pakistan’s economy is at developing stage. Due to this, the world believes that it is good place to invest. But the economy never remains steady and it fluctuates. From Pakistan’s perspective, this usually occurs due to political unrest in the country or due to failure of any economic policy. Petroleum industry in Pakistan, as the research says has no such issues related to economic situation of country except pricing. The demand and supply of petroleum goods is seen always balanced and the companies at their position are functioning properly. Petroleum sector in Pakistan is one of the most profitable sectors in the country. However the exchange rate has been a problem due to which the petroleum products in Pakistan are pretty expensive than the other countries of the region and world. This is because the government is not ready to provide subsidy on petroleum goods due to the laid guidelines by IMF to achieve the economic targets. This makes the conditions bounded and the chances of expansion and development of the industry become less. 2. Home Economy Trends: From past two or three years, Pakistan’s economy is facing crisis in the form of lesser export volume and devaluation of currency. These are two major problems. But experts say that when an economy is in crisis, that is the best time to take advantage of new opportunities and change the trends. Pakistan has gone through significant economic changes in the last few decades but the some problems that are now considered the core problems of economy are still unsolved. On the top of these problems is inflation. Inflation in Pakistani economy is caused by unstructured fiscal and monetary policies. Reports of last ten years show that the high inflation in the economy of the country is due to the expansionary policies and the increase in oil prices internationally. High oil prices resulted in high transportation charges and expensive energy. Apart from this issue, Pakistan also faces the problems of â€Å"Balance of payment†. The interference of IMF in the country’s economy does not allow the government to set the policies according the nation’s demand and condition. It’s always directed to compensate the deficit faced. 3. Overseas Economies and trends: The world economic development is on the move and different economies are working together to carry out a research on present issues and develop a new structure or ways to carry out trade with less restrictions and increased benefits. The centers of these researches are: A: Merchandise Trade B: International Capital movements C: International Balance of trade D: Exchange rates E: Trade in services The Oil producing countries (OPCs), according to IMF, have the fiscal oil revenue 25% more than the total fiscal revenue. The economy and policies of OPCs are of major interest because these countries put direct impact on the oil prices worldwide and thus are a cause of inflation in many small countries because oil is basic commodity and used worldwide. The largest oil producer, Saudi Arabia has the total export balance of $350. 7 billion. About 90% of these exports comprises of crude oil and petroleum goods. The trend in international economy is seen ever increasing with small fall downs that occur worldwide named as â€Å"Economic Meltdown†. 4. General Taxation Issues: A government official claimed recently that the government charges Rs 46. 18 per litre tax on fuels. This is a big amount. Petroleum goods mainly come from imports and that’s the main ground for the government to charge taxes on it. Apart from the imports, the oil production inside the country is also not so cheap. The refineries operating in the country are entitled to pay 10% to 40% tax on their paid-up capital. Due to this the profit margin of petroleum dealers has come down because they had to pay various indirect and direct taxes. In Pakistan there are four different kinds of taxes on petroleum goods. This huge taxation is done in many countries. 5. Taxation specific to product/services: Taxes on petroleum products vary. In Pakistan, government charges different amount of tax on petrol, diesel and kerosene oil. The current figures of this sales tax are Rs 24. 58 on each litre of petrol, Rs 18. 99 on each litre of diesel and Rs 18. 85 on each litre of kerosene oil. These amounts keep varying as the â€Å"oil and gas regulatory authority† makes recommendations to the government after every 15 days. Similarly different other petroleum products like engine oils, greases, lubricants and fuels are taxed. 6. Seasonality/weather issues: Pakistan is a country of four seasons and there is no specific extreme weather. So there is no such issue of weather and season on the production and sales of petroleum goods in general. It is considered as stable industry for its increasing demand and supply. However, during last two years, the industry faced minor losses of plants and supply due to wrathful floods in the country. Although losses were there and there was a cut off of supplies in many parts of the country but that ended when water levels came down. 7. Market and trade cycles: The market cycles related to oil industry results in oil prices fluctuation. During last two decades, the world has seen number of price shifts. This is because of some macroeconomic effects of the industry worldwide. In Pakistan, as the major part of oil is imported, the industry has the effect of global market cycles. Oil price shifts are directly transferred to Pakistan’s industry because we are the importer of oil. Every sector gets affected by it. So there is no specific trade cycle of petroleum industry of Pakistan. It is shared internationally as many countries do. The industry is on the mercy of international price controllers. 8. Specific Industry factors: Every industry has some factors that have influence on production, development and crisis of the industry. The main analysis of these factors is called PEST analysis. This analysis includes the Political, economic, social and technological aspects of the industry. These four are the major heads. Apart from these, there are other factors like â€Å"legal† and production factors like land, labor and capital. The political factors in Pakistan petroleum industry is of greater importance because the leading market shares holder i. e. PSO has around 65% alone, and the company is state owned. So there is the state intervention in the company policies and decisions. 9. Market routes and distributions: Out of five major oil refineries in Pakistan, three are situated in Karachi. One is situated in Punjab and one is situated in Baluchistan. From these refineries, the petroleum is mainly transported to filling stations in the whole country. The distribution process is different for different companies. Some companies like chevron and PSO has its own distribution network and they supply the petroleum in all over the country through their own oil tankers. Whereas Shell, which is another market share holder, supplies petroleum through its own distribution network and also through the contract carriers spread all over the country. The condition and setup of distribution is good all over the country. Also, there is no issue related to absence of market routes and remote customers. 10. Customer/end user drivers: The users of petroleum are mainly the automobile owners. There are approximately 8 million vehicles on the roads of Pakistan currently. These 8 million vehicles use petroleum as the basic means of energy to run. Although the demand of CNG shown an abrupt increase in the past decade, but the demand of petrol and diesel didn’t shift much due to that. After these vehicles, the second big user of petroleum is industries. It is the primary fuel to most of industries located all over the country. The demand of petroleum remains high in every season, every part of the year, as per production requirements. Apart from industries and vehicles, there is use of petroleum in electricity generation in the country. Furnace oil is one of the most important petroleum products which are responsible for the power production. 11. Interest and exchange rates: There is an indirect and â€Å"inverse co-relation† between the interest rate and price of petroleum in a country. Increasing or decreasing the interest rate, may result in the demand and finally the price of oil. In Pakistan, the current interest rate is 12%. The state bank of Pakistan takes the decision of setting the interest rate. Exchange rate has the direct impact over the oil prices in Pakistan. From the past two decades, the value of Rupee against the dollar has fallen abruptly. This difference of value results in higher fuel prices. After the international market rates, exchange rate is the second big reason of high petroleum prices in the country. 12. International trade/monetary issues: Internationally, crude oil and all major refined petroleum products are traded. The global oil markets are facing new challenges daily. Time to time, the structure and working of these markets have changed a lot. Prices were stable before, but nowadays they are volatile. Similarly participants in the market were limited and established, but now there are numerous players in the market. Apart from the markets, there is an increase of intermediaries in oil trade. In past, there was only a bank that has to deal between seller and buyer of oil. But now there are many services offered by financial institutions, global funds and industry factors. There are various monetary issues related to Pakistan’s economy. Pakistan applies its monetary policy along with the fiscal policy to achieve the goals. This is due to some policy failures and mis- management of economic activities in the country. Obviously it has direct impact on trade process of the country and the central bank’s allowance of further imports. However the oil sector keeps its demand and supply in level very well. SOCIAL ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS: 1. Lifestyle Trends: Pakistan is in the grasp of a serious petroleum crisis that is affecting all sectors of the economy and the various segments of the society. As the today’s situation point of view, there are hardly any immediate solutions to resolve the issue. A change of attitude and a change of life style is needed at the national level which should be sparked by the ruling elite and followed by all segments of the society that have access to electricity. At best there could be some short and long-term solutions to the grasp but they need immediate planning and execution with an enormous investment. Our elite class still prefer Petrol or Diesel for their vehicles use the upper middle, Middle-middle uses CNG as against of Petrol – (Economy of Pakistan) 2. Demographics: With a per capita GDP of over $3000 (PPP, 2006) compared with $2600 (PPP, 2005) in 2005 the World Bank considers Pakistan a medium-income country, it is also recorded as a Medium Development Country on the Human Development Index2007. Pakistan has a large informal economy, which the government is trying to document and assess. Approximately 49% of adults are literate, and life expectancy is about 64 years. The population, about 168 million in 2007, is growing at about 1. 80%. Relatively few resources in the past had been devoted to socio-economic development or infrastructure projects. Inadequate provisions of social services, high birth rates and immigration from nearby countries in the past have contributed to a persistence of poverty. An influential recent study concluded that the fertility rate peaked in the 1980s, and has since fallen sharply. Pakistan has a family-income index of 41, close to the world average of 39 – (Economy of Pakistan) 3. Law Changes Effecting Social Factors: New trends and laws are creating a different type of consumer and, consequently, a need for different products, different services, and different strategies. In upcoming years Pakistan would be a state of Provincial rather than federal, Youth getting more independent. Steady change would be in ethnic balance. More educated buyers would be in market. Pakistan would have higher average lifespan and the numbers of youth will be more – (Key External Factors) 4. Brand, Company Technology Image: Numerous companies are working in petroleum sector of Pakistan but the PSO, PPL and SHELL are the major leaders of petroleum sectors. They are working effectively and efficiently in the petroleum sector, they have made strong bond of trust between their customers. They are using or bringing new technologies in petroleum sector, therefore their brand image is secure and far above the ground. Their mission is substantial supply of oil and gas for economic development and strategic necessity of Pakistan or to coordinate development of natural resources and minerals. 5. Ethical Issues: The policy of Pakistan Oil Exploration is one of hard and fast observance of all laws applicable to its business following the course of highest integrity. Any Oil Gas company need a solid system for legal compliance in place for the following reasons: Preservation of legal position. Good publicity. It’s reputation as a joint venture partner. Transparency for the board of directors/supervisory board/shareholders. For the reason of knowledge transfer and control. PSO stated that: â€Å"We do care how we get results. We expect compliance with our standard of integrity throughout the organization. We will not tolerate an employee who achieves results at the cost of violation of laws or unscrupulous dealings or who thinks it best not to tell higher management all that he is doing, not to record all transactions accurately in his books and records, and to deceive the Companys internal and external auditors. We expect candor from all employees of PSO, and compliance with accounting rules and controls. Our system of management must be based on honest book-keeping, honest budget proposals, and honest economic evaluation of projects. It is PSOs policy that all transactions shall be accurately reflected in its books and records. This, of course, means that falsification of its books and records and any off-the-record bank accounts are strictly prohibited† – (Scribd) TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS: The technological-environmental analysis basically gives a complete picture of research and technology development. In any industry there are some problems at any particular time that needs to be solved by innovating new alternatives or technological change. These also have impact on our eco system and environment. The study and analysis of all these things is called the technological –environmental analysis. Here we will discuss the technological changes, Pakistan’s petroleum industry has gone through and there future issues and their suggested solutions. 1. Competing Technology Development: The petroleum industry, by nature, is technology driven industry. If researched in detail, petroleum industry uses the latest and large scale technological assistance to carry out the operations. The new methods of exploring, extracting and drilling are good examples of that. Petroleum companies spend a lot on their technological development to increase the efficiency and production. In Pakistan, the modern technology is made available by foreign oil services, and consulting companies. No such steps have been taken on government level to upgrade and adapt the new technology for the petroleum industry in the country. The companies on their own cannot purchase the expensive technology and therefore just hire to do the work. Something has to be done on this because the world keeps itself updated and technologically capable to increase its production and get the benefits in the form of profits. 2. Research funding: Pakistan’s petroleum sector is not much developed and equipped with latest machinery and equipment for exploring, and processing of petroleum. However its position is good enough to keep the demand and supply figures equal. The world is finding new alternatives of petroleum because of depletion of resources all around the world and increasing prices. Scientists and biologists have developed many substitutes of petrol and diesel and many of them are being used practically in many countries of the world. This needs research, which is not at it level best in Pakistan. The reason behind this lack of activity is absence of funding. Government seems to have no interest in this and therefore does not support to carry out such a research for future of Pakistan’s petroleum industry. The only company that has done some work in the field of research for new technology and an alternative is PSO, and that is on a smaller scale. There are ideas and resources but no one supports to have new development. 3. Associated/dependent technologies: From the beginning days of petroleum industry in Pakistan till now, there no prominent work done for the technological advancement and up gradation. The oil and gas development corporation (OGDC) is considered the entity which is responsible for the development of this sector in Pakistan. The oil exploring and processing firms are also responsib